变速恒频水力发电技术及其发展(6)
4.4 区域水资源分配与节流技术
受地势影响,同一流域往往分段建造多级电站同步发电(尤其对于小微型电站)。然而流域中部分电站的过度引水可能导致局部河段失水,影响该区域生态环境。不仅如此,传统恒速电站在枯水时期高速少水的运行模式还会造成水资源利用率下降与经济损失。变速电站的低速少水运行模式能有效兼顾下游生态用水与电站经济效益,却也带来了同流域多个变速电站的联合优化调度问题。
采用最优化控制方法是解决联合调度问题的途径之一,控制程序以不同电站的运行转速为设计变量、不同河段的储水量为约束条件、电站集群的经济效益为目标函数,实时求解并得到各机组运行转速分配方案,有利于区域电站在枯水时期平衡经济效益与生态流量之间的矛盾。
5 结语
水电是清洁与可再生能源,体量巨大,极具发展潜力。传统水力发电机为恒速运行,存在效率低下、运行条件恶劣、水资源浪费以及影响生态流量排放等缺点。变速恒频技术被公认为是有效解决上述问题的发电技术,并被日本以及欧洲多个国家广泛应用于水力发电领域,而中国目前尚无已投运的大型可连续调速水电站,由此可见国家对变速水力发电领域的关注度以及研究投入较少。基于此,本文对变速恒频发电技术的优缺点、适用性、运行原理、实现方法以及发展现状进行了综述,并进一步分析与展望了变速恒频技术的难点、重点以及未来研究发展方向,为日后研究与开发高性能变速恒频水力发电系统奠定了基础。
附录见本刊网络版(http:///aeps/ch/),扫英文摘要后二维码可以阅读网络全文。
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